Several pharmacological agents (metoclopramide, baclofen, gabapentin, and chlorpromazine) are reported for empirical treatment of persistent hiccups. 4 Whenever possible, the treatment of hiccups should be directed at the underlying cause of the condition. 3 Rarely, pneumonia manifests as intractable hiccups, with the latter resolving with antibiotic treatment. Hiccups are rarely described as a clinical manifestation of community-acquired pneumonia, and one should consider this diagnosis in a patient with unexplained fever. 2 Ear–nose–throat (ENT), cardiovascular, and pulmonary disorders affecting the peripheral nervous system are also among the causes of hiccups. 1 Among the causes of hiccups, toxic and pharmacological drug use, and recent surgical operations are included. Hiccups are more common in diseases affecting the gastrointestinal or central nervous systems. Intractable hiccups are present if the attack lasts more than 1 month. Persistent hiccups last more than 2 days. An acute attack lasts less than 48 hours. The classification of hiccups is based on their duration. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2008.10.Hiccups are familiar to everyone they are repetitive contractions of the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles. Novel use of amantadine: To treat hiccups. Persistent hiccups as the only presenting symptom of ST elevation myocardial infarction. diseases-conditions/hiccups/symptoms-causes/syc-20352613 Treatment of hiccups in patients with cancer. Liver abscess presenting with persistent hiccups and right shoulder pain. about-cancer/advanced-cancer/caregivers/planning/last-days-pdq Last days of life (PDQ) – patient version.Management of hiccups in palliative care. Analysis of factors associated with hiccups based on the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report database. ![]() treatment/treatments-and-side-effects/physical-side-effects/hiccups.html Persistent hiccups as a rare presenting symptom of pulmonary embolism. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our editorial policy. Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations.
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